Once upon a time . . .

It’s a blustery fall day in Wisconsin, and folks in the hallways after school are talking about fish fry, football and pumpkin beers. The next big thing on the instructional calendar is state standardized assessment, and the challenge of the moment is how to avoid exposing young adolescents to high stakes testing when their brains are under the influence of Halloween candy.

Mexico seems geographically, chronologically, and emotionally very far away!



"We were there!" This mural in the hallway at school has the wheels of
a Mayan calendar and an image from Pakal's tomb at Palenque.



This school year has brought changes for both Nichole and me; she’s in a new position as a multi-grade, bilingual language arts instructor for ELL students, and I’m a teacher leader (not in the classroom) at a neighboring middle school. We’re both loving the new challenges—although there are certainly many, many moments we miss the fantastic team-teaching roles (and students and team-mate) we had last year.

 A part of our grant project was creating a curricular unit based on our travels, and after many late nights and multi-tasking weekends, we sent the final product off in the mail last month. The unit is called Cabezas Colosales, and it’s a three-week (ish) introduction to ancient civilizations based on our first-hand experiences learning about the Olmec. The big questions of the unit have to do with how we learn about people who lived so long ago, and the lessons themselves focus on critical thinking skills and collaborative inquiry. We designed it as if we were teaching it in a middle school classroom that integrated content areas, so it has strands of science, math and language art woven into what is primarily a social studies framework.

Earlier this week, Nichole had the chance to talk to other teachers who are eligible for the Fund for Teachers grant, and a colleague came back from her presentation with a shiny brochure featuring a picture of us with a giant head. I was feeling mixed emotions about the day—proud of my new school that won School of Promise recognition, frustrated with the NCLB system that seems to miss so much of what is great about our public education system, wistful about the students who were part of our first classroom lessons about the Olmec, excited about colleagues interested in using Cabezas Colosales in their classrooms.

That evening, I decided to listen to the local Spanish-speaking radio station in the car—and for about 10 minutes I listened to an animated call-in show about soccer and realized I understood much of the gist of the discussion. Before the grant, before our trip, I’m sure I would have just changed the channel. I know it’s ridiculously cheesy to say that in that moment, driving down the road, I knew that big pieces of our Mexico trip will always be with me—but sometimes (here in Wisconsin) even the cheesiest things really can be true!

--Kris

What’s up with Mayan prophecies about the world ending in 2012?

Quick answer: There are no specific Mayan prophecies about 2012!

So what's this you've heard about the Mayan calendar coming to an end? Two analogies to help you understand the situation: If you drove your car for so many miles that the counters on the odometer ran out, what would happen when the mileage went back to 000,000? Or, if it turns out that the world still exists on December 31^st, 9999, what year will it be on the next day? As you can see, the main concern is Y2K-ish, because the counting systems in the Mayan calendar might not be set up to count these kinds of numbers.

A little more background, probably with flaws, because this is what I’ve come to understand by talking to folks on this trip—each with slightly different perspectives and information.

The oldest archaeological evidence of the Mayan civilization is found at Itzapa; we saw it at the beginning of this trip. Carvings there were marked with a Mayan calendar date which corresponds to about 300 B.C. This means that 2300 years ago, the Maya already had enough knowledge from astronomical observations to know that a year was 365 days. In fact, their calendar had 18 months of 20 days, and one “unlucky” month with just 5 days.

Can you see that there's a person on the right, holding what looks like a stalk of corn on the left?

Those people at Itzapa, in fact, believed they were living around the year 4000, because for them the year 0 was when they were created, out of corn. In fact, the humans made from corn were actually the third or fourth attempt by the gods to make people. The first created beings couldn’t talk, so they became the animals. Then the gods made beings out of mud, but they washed away in the rain. Then the gods made creatures out of wood, but they couldn’t think: these are the monkeys. Finally, the gods made a dough out of corn, and from that dough they created humans, making us all, as one Mexican told us, “walking tortillas”!

And how do we know these creation stories? Again, a few things to think about. The Maya civilization had thriving city states from about 300 B.C. to 1100 A.D. These cities, many of which Nichole and I visited, were often ruled by kings. They had elaborate religious ceremonies overseen by priests, honoring a pantheon of gods linked to nature and to astronomy. They had trade networks which stretched into northern Mexico, east into the Carribean, and south to the Amazon. They had systems for collecting water and growing corn and other crops, they had tools for construction and ceremony and war, and they had artists who carved and painted records of their history.  Most of the knowledge of reading and writing and astronomy was confined to a relatively small class of the wealthy people.

The Maya city-states had all basically collapsed by the time the first Europeans came to Mexico, probably because of internal political problems as the ruling class went crazy from too many generations of in-breeding or as a drought or some other problem incited the people to revolution. In any case, the Maya people the Europeans met were living in small agricultural communities, speaking their indigenous language, and still celebrating the Mayan religion—but the vast majority of them could not read or write or explain the astronomical underpinnings of their once-flourishing society.

This sign, at Yaxchilan, is written in Spanish, English, and a local Mayan language,
here written with the alphabet that is familiar to us.

There were, however, books on bark written in Mayan glyphs, and there was a vast oral knowledge of the history and culture, which Europeans listened to and recorded in books using the Latin alphabet (this one I am typing in). The most famous of the latter is the Popol Vuh; among other stories, it contains an account of the creation of the corn people.

At some point in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Catholic priests determined that the bark books of the Maya were evil and ordered them burned; today, only four of these books, called the Maya codices, remain. There are abundant carvings and paintings with original Mayan glyphs, but, like the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians, these have taken a lot of time and effort to “decode,” as archaeologists try to match the recorded symbols with the spoken language which was recorded in the Popol Vuh and other books. Variations of this language are still spoken by Mayan descendents today.

Weren’t we talking about the calendar? Ok, back to the calendar! For the Maya, the modern calendar started with the creation of the corn people and progressed through a series of months and years fairly similar to the one we use today. Running concurrently with this 365 day calendar, they also had a religious calendar based on 260 day cycles. If you think of these two calendars as wheels with cogs, you can imagine that while they both started out at day one, having the beginnings of each cycle occurring simultaneously would be fairly rare. It’s a least common multiple problem—and the answer turns out to be that the cycles start over together every 52 years.

This means that these calendars were sufficient for keeping track of things that happened in 52 year spans of time—probably long enough for most people that any given combination of dates happened only once in their lifetime. But clearly, if the oldest records we have are dated in the year 4000, the Maya had something more than this calendar; it is called the “long count.”

This carving, from Yaxchilan, has glyphs (lower right)
which could indicate, among other things, the date of the events described.

The 365- and 260-day calendars are cyclical; they come back to the beginning and start again, much like the cycles of human lives, or of celestial bodies. The long count calendar starts at 0 and moves forward, or at least it kept moving forward during all of the time the Maya were actually using it. Was it truly a linear calendar with the capacity to keep counting infinitely forward (by essentially moving to larger place values)?  Or, was it also conceived as cyclical, with an exceptionally long cycle?

Well, we’ll probably never know, but on Dec. 21^st, 2012, the Mayan long count will reach the end of its current formation. Perhaps it was designed to recycle, like your odometer; perhaps it was designed to move to a new place value, like New Year’s Day, 10,000.

Sense the mystery?

We’ve asked everyone about it, and the impression we get is that most people see it as hype designed to boost the tourism industry! While there are a few Mayan communities in Guatemala and the highlands of Chiapas who still use the 365- and 260-day calendars in daily life, those people have adapted our “Roman” calendar for the “long count”—so even they don’t know or care what happens to the Mayan long count.  My personal theory is that if there is a new creation at that time, it will be people made of computer chips--which won't actually be an advancement after us walking tortillas!

 

--Kris

Pot Holes, and Pyramids, and Aleuxes? Oh My!

 

¡Buenas tardes from Valladolid, Yucatán!  I am sitting in the open-air restaurant of our hotel, not far from the kitchen where some of the most fantastic smells are pouring out.  Unfortunately, I am too stuffed from a delicious breakfast and lunch, so I will not be able to eat anything tonight, but I’m living vicariously through the people around me.

View from the table where I'm writing this

Today we went to Chichén Itzá.  You know we’ve been to just about every archaeology site from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of México when my reaction to walking into Chichén Itzá was, “Yep, here it is.  Can I get a few pics and go?  This place is HOT and overcrowded with tourists.”  Ha, ha!

No, seriously, Chichén Itzá is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is easy to see why.  Unlike every single site we visited so far, where there was only one ruler, and s/he was considered divine, the evidence at this site points to shared leadership amongst several people.  What a concept!

The first place we visited was the observatory.  The tribe of Maya living in this site were avid astronomers, and they built this observatory to carry out their work. There is no physical evidence of even rudimentary tools, but the Maya placed windows in the four cardinal and four intermediate directions of this tower to keep themselves oriented.  We are told that the staircase inside the observatory winds around like a snail shell up to the top of the lookout, so it is known as “el Caracól,” (the snail).  

El Caracol - Observatory -- I'm sporting the ankle brace!

The main pyramid at Chichén Itzá is also based on astronomy.  Our guide gave us the complete breakdown of its significance.  Basically, the staircases are comprised of 91 steps each, times four staircases, that makes 364.  The platform at the top is considered one extra step, which makes 365—the days in the year.  There are also several connections to different calendars, religious and lunar, as well as special events that happen during the spring and fall equinoxes.  From there, it is very complicated, and I should let the video speak for itself.  Suffice to say, this is one amazing pyramid!

I am so thankful that I was even able to visit Chichén Itzá today because two nights ago I managed to sprain my ankle.  Scaling ruins, you ask?  Walking along uneven paths?  Climbing over rocks or fallen trees?  Nope, not Nichole.  I sprained my ankle on a pot hole while walking to a restaurant along a dimly lit path with Kris, on our way to do some unit planning.  After all the stories you’ve heard from us about our bumpy roads, I guess it’s pretty apropos!

Our guide and driver were kind enough to take me to a pharmacy on our way to Mérida the next day to get me a brace, which helped immensely!  As we were leaving the hotel, Juan, our guide, asked us if we had had any troubles during the two nights we spent at the hotel right on the site of Uxmal.  Aside from my fall, we told him, our stay had been pleasant.  Intrigued, we asked why he was wondering.

He then proceeded to tell us all about a different tour he had done with a couple of journalists from Argentina, who stayed at the hotel next to ours.  Here’s the story:

“I got a call late at night from the hotel front desk.  They said that the man from my tour was refusing to stay in his room because he was convinced that someone kept opening and closing his door.  The staff went to investigate, and found everything in working order.  They sent a hotel guard to watch his room.  Finding nothing amiss, the guard left.  Shortly thereafter, the man was back at the desk demanding that the guard stay the entire night outside his room because, once again, his door had opened and shut.  With the guard planted firmly outside his door, the man returned to his room, only to reappear not long after that.  This time, he said, someone had sat on his belly while he was trying to sleep!”

It was at that point, that Juan agreed to trade rooms with him (the hotel had been completely full), where he slept just fine…but knowing such things normally happen in that area.

The Yucatecos (or people living in Yucatán) are very superstitious.  They believe in goblin, or trickster-like, characters called Aluxes.  Apparently, these little guys like to play tricks on people.  I told Juan maybe one of them tripped me and made me fall in the pot hole!  He said that they are not malicious, so I can chalk my fall up to clumsiness.  Ha, ha!  He also said that they tend to leave you alone if you acknowledge them as soon as they make their presence known.  He illustrated by telling us a story about a time he was visited by one of these guys.  Evidently, it kept turning his hotel tv on and off.  It finally left him alone when he acknowledged it.  [Insert Twilight Zone music here]

So, in case you’re ever in the Uxmal area and something goes bump in the night, just make sure to tell the goblin that you’re not in the mood for trickery (or perhaps you are?), and he’ll usually leave you alone.

I hope this guy will do my work for me.

My ankle, by the way, is getting better—thanks to ibuprofen, pillows, and ice.  We’re off to the last set of ruins tomorrow—Cobá and Tulúm!  I can’t believe our adventure is coming to a close!  I’ve tried my best to write lesson plans along the way, but the heat wears me out and by night time, I’m pretty well spent organizing my photos, uploading pictures, and connecting with my family back home.  I’ll have my work cut out for me when I get back!

Maybe I can convince some Aluxes to do it for me???

¡Hasta luego!  

Uncovering, Rebuilding and Maintaining

Any of you who have driven by my house in the last few weeks may notice that the yard’s getting kind of shaggy, the flowers haven’t been deadheaded, and any branches downed by a summer thunderstorm are still scattered around. Take that image, then imagine what would happen if I left the place unoccupied for 1000 years—and if I lived in a jungle where the things that grow “like weeds” literally can grow a foot or more in just a few days.

 

Sometimes, when I pictured the Spanish explorers, or the 20^th century archaeologists who followed in their footsteps, coming upon a magnificent Mayan city in the wilderness, I kind of thought it would be like coming upon a resort up north that has been closed up for the winter. Clearly, no one lives there, but you can easily imagine what it might be like on a hot summer day.



Is there something here?

But, I’m quickly realizing that finding these cities must have been much more like recognizing a Native American ceremonial mound when you are plowing your cornfield—unless someone had told you it was there, you could drive right over it a thousand times without noticing.



At Uxmal, for example, we saw the side of this building :

  . . . looking like this:

The Maya moved out of these cities sometime around 800 A.D. Over hundreds of years, as the buildings were covered with soil and the seedlings grew into trees, the roots and the rain damaged the buildings, washing away some of the calcium in the limestone and separating the decorative facades from their more work-a-day underpinnings.

So what happens when the archaeologists figure out that they’ve found something? Well, they have to start to piece it all back together. 

Restoring the buildings is a painstaking process, which is often slowed by uncertainty about what exactly they are rebuilding. The Maya themselves often remodeled and rebuilt, so many of the pyramids and other buildings we see actually contain remnants of others inside, or were originally constructed with mismatched materials and architectural styles.

Even when the archaeologists can agree, they are disrupted by inconsistent funding from the government for these projects. Here at Kabah, you can see that they took the rubble and tried to organize it, but they have not yet reattached these pieces to the building.

As they set about restoring these sites, they clean up the original stones and carefully mark their position, often taking the walls down and rebuilding them with new mortar.

In many places, the structures are still open for tourists and others to climb on, but some sections have not yet been reinforced. Earlier this week, workers at Uxmal were chopping away old plaster, getting ready to put on a new coat to protect the stones.

Where original carvings and statues have been left in place (not carted off to museums) they are often shielded from the elements by roofs—which also make nice patches of shade for grateful visitors.

Visitors also appreciate that the native tall grasses have been replanted with grasses more suitable for short lawns, and less suitable for snakes, although even this tourist-friendly turf needs to be mowed--in this case, usually with machetes! --Kris

Familiar scenes in unfamiliar places

We're in Merida today, which is the capital of the state of Yucatan. Check out these public school teachers, standing across the street from the state captiol, holding protest signs about their governor! We told them "Si, se puede!"--Kris

Recuerdo de San Lorenzo Tenochtítlan

Thursday morning we began our day with a trip to the La Venta Archaeology Site just outside of Villahermosa.  We were surprised to see that in addition to carving the colossal stone heads, the Olmec were also very skilled in carving tiny sculptures of people and children.  One of the most interesting, to me, was the leg of what archaeologists assume to be a child with Down Syndrome.  The docent said that the Olmec revered people with this syndrome because they believed they had a unique intellect that was a gift from the gods.  

Out in the actual site we found replicas of several heads and other noteworthy sculptures.  The figures were discovered in the 1930’s, but oil was discovered shortly thereafter.  The rigs apparently took priority over the cultural significance of the site, and archaeologists managed to salvage a few pieces before the blasting began.  The site has since been restored as much as possible, but the original pieces have been transplanted to other museums around the country in order to keep them safe.  As the oil underneath La Venta dries up and rigs move to off-shore drilling, perhaps the site can be properly excavated and rehabilitated so that we can someday see the extent of this very ancient civilization.

 My favorite head--the only one that's smiling!

From there, we drove several hours to the site of the cradle of the Olmec civilization—San Lorenzo.  We came to a road that said “No hay paso,” (no thru traffic) and I thought we were out of luck.  Apparently, in Mexico, the word “no” does not always mean “no,” and our driver asked a very kind man with an assault rifle (who must’ve been guarding the road, although he had no uniform) if we could go through.  The answer was yes, and we began our trek down a very long stretch of road that was under construction.  The road was one-lane and we drove for what seemed like hours, speeding up, slowing down, running into pot holes and over topes (bumps), past men working and riding horses, until we finally came to a town.

Asking for directions in the Mexican countryside is a rather interesting affair.  Many people, who know the area like the backs of their hands--and don’t understand why you don’t--will generally tell you, with a wave of their hand, “Go here, go there, when you cross the bump, go straight, past the white building [of course, there are several white buildings], and you’ll see it over there.”  We zig-zagged our way through town and eventually ended up on another stretch of dirt road filled again with pot holes and construction equipment, one lane bridges, and farmers on horseback.

Finally, we pulled into the town of San Lorenzo Tenochtítlan and walked up to the museum.  The museum was simple, but contained several incredibly exciting pieces.  This was the site of the 10^th head found—a head with so much detail it is uncanny!  Also at this site were figures of animals such as jaguars and birds, which showed the obvious influence on Maya culture (since Olmec culture predates the Maya).  My favorite artistic piece, however, is called “Cabeza mutiliada,” which means, “The mutilated head.”  This piece shows how the Olmec re-used artwork to create new pieces.  To me, it is almost a surrealist piece, but I guess we’ll never truly know the artist’s intention. 

Cabeza Mutilada

In talking with the docent, we discovered that there was still a piece at the original site—an altar that had been left in a farmer’s field that was likely close to 3000 years old.  Being the aspiring archaeologists we are, we decided we would venture out and take a look.

Down another long dirt road, we parked the car when it appeared to be muddy enough to get stuck, found some farmers coming back from the field, and asked for directions.  They kept their composure, but inside I can guarantee they were wondering what in the world two gringas from the United States would be doing all the way out in the middle of nowhere looking for a 3000 year old rock that they see every day. 

“Up over the hill, about 200 meters, you’ll come to an opening in the fence.  You take a right and go down a little more, and it’s over there.”

Ah, there go the directions again!  Ha, ha!

We went about 200 meters, and crawled through a barbed-wire fence, thinking we had found the area.  Tromping up and down hills, jumping over small creeks, and keeping our eyes always on the random cows, we searched high and low for the altar.  When we couldn’t find it where we were, we returned to the dirt road and began walking further.  We were debating about taking our chances climbing into a field with cows and bulls (with very large horns), when some more farmers came by on horseback and we asked them for directions.  They were kind enough to actually take us to the now infamous altar, deep in a field still at least a hundred meters from where we had considered entering.

We paid the men “una coca” (which means “10 pesos,” because a Coke costs that much) and stared in awe.  There it lay, down in the ground.  A large, flat stone slab.  Most people would think we were absolutely crazy for searching high and low  through mud and barbed-wire fencing to find this piece, but to us it was worth it.  This altar was close to 3000 years old, and we were part of an exclusive group of people who have gone the length to see it.  What happened on that altar?  Did they sacrifice humans or animals, or both?  What was the purpose?  And what else lies deep under these fields, now so lush and fertile?  What could we learn about Mesoamerica’s first civilization from studying this area?

The plot thickened as we set off back down the beaten path toward our next stop, Santiago Tuxtla, and the last of three sites, Tres Zapotes.

 I bought this from a local woman in San Lorenzo, who made it by hand.
The perfect souvenir from this location!

Gallery of Olmec Heads

An unfinished head, just to give you an idea of how they got started.

Nichole is writing you the more entertaining version of this story, but basically we are super proud and excited about that fact that in the last couple of days, we visited all three of the known Olmec archaeological sites . . . so of course that means we've seen a lot of heads. If you take the time to look, you'll see each one has its own personality!

 On the grounds at the La Venta site

Inside the musuem at Santiago Tuxtla

In the zocalo, town square, at Santiago Tuxtla

 In the La Venta Park in Villahermosa

In the museum at San Lorenzo Tenochtitla

In the museum at Tres Zapotes

In the La Venta park in Villahermosa

Also, while we were trekking through the pasture at San Lorenzo, our video camera captured this snapshot of a hitherto undiscovered head : )

This is supposed to be a photo, not a video clip, but you get the idea!

Who knew?

Well, probably many of you knew Mexico could look like this, but Nichole and I were surprised! This was taken as we left San Cristobal de las Casas, headed toward Ocosingo.

Talking to some locals

Palenque, which is understandably one of the most famous Mayan sites, is also full of locals selling "crafts" to tourists--among them these kids, who talked to Nichole and I about when our birthdays would fall in the Mayan calendar, and then had a few things to say to their counterparts in our Madison classrooms.

Heard through the grapevine . . .

that some of you are having trouble commenting on our blog! I just changed the settings, which might help : ) If not, you can e-mail us at taptocan@gmail.com. We're also both getting your messages on Facebook--thanks for the oohs and aahs and encouragement!

Also, there's speedy internet tonight in Campeche, so we'll probably be posting some things out of order and adding a couple of video clips to previous posts. Look especially for the video of us coming upon our first Olmec head, which should be up in a few minutes : )

Que tengan buenas noches!
--Kris

Our first glimpse of the colossal heads!

Here we are in Villahermosa, Tabasco, the site of the La Venta Archaeology Park, which is, of course, the site of the Olmec head that kicked off our soon-to-be-famous integrated unit! 

Before I tell you about that experience, however, let me begin by saying that Villahermosa is HOT, HOT, HOT!!!  Much of this city sits about 10 meters above sea level in the Gulf of Mexico, so it is prone to flooding and extremely humid weather.  I, Nichole, am already nursing several mosquito bites from working on my computer in the Palenque hotel lobby (malaria medicine, please work your magic!), so I was less than excited to see our second Wisconsin state bird making its presence known in Tabasco as well.   Covered in Deet-filled mosquito repellant and sunscreen, Kris and I embarked on the ruins of Comalcalco, just outside of Villahermosa.

As is the case with each new site we visit, the archaeology has similarities and differences.  Of course, we saw some jaguar imagery, pyramids, a city center, and stucco, but what made this location different was the type of building materials used to create these things.  The Maya in this area used red bricks with mortar made of ground oyster shells (from the Gulf of Mexico).  Their bricks were also very rectangular, and resemble modern bricks and mortar.  Because these bricks were not as durable as the large stones used at other sites, parts of the site had to be reconstructed to show what the buildings probably looked like.

Thankfully, this site was small, and we were able to get back on the road in the air-conditioned car, and on our way back to Villahermosa.  During the drive I couldn’t help but jot down all of the different American businesses found in this city (kind of like playing the “count the different state license plates” game on a cross-country trip).  Large oil deposits in Tabasco have brought all kinds of rigs, enterprises, and other American corporations to this part of Mexico.  It was almost hard for me to believe that I hadn’t somehow ended up back home! 

Mexican oil has been nationalized since the 1930’s, when the government negotiated terms with the United States to remove America’s direct involvement in oil resources in the country.  From there, the actual timeline of events and history of American drilling and involvement in Mexican oil gets complicated and confusing—as does modern political history and the de-unionization of PemEx (Mexico’s major oil company).  Suffice to say, there is no shortage of Shell signs in this area, and plenty of foreign oil workers to go with them.

Ok...back to La Venta.  It turns out that because of drilling in this region, the actual archaeological site of La Venta has endured many changes.  In the 1930’s and 40’s, artifacts began to appear at the site.  Drilling and blasting at the site ruined several pieces, but archaeologists were able to salvage some important artifacts by moving them to other locations.  Some ended up at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City and other archaeology museums around the country.  Eventually, some pieces were placed in the La Venta Archaology Park, where we went to see them.

The Olmec heads are even more impressive in person than they are in photographs!  They weigh several tons and are carved out of basalt, a type of volcanic rock.  Of course, the big mystery surrounding the heads at La Venta is that the nearest source of this rock is at least a hundred miles away, so nobody really knows how they got these massive pieces all the way to the site using the technology of the time.  Incidentally, there is a great BBC documentary that shows modern archaeologists attempting to recreate the process of moving a giant piece of basalt and carving it into a face using the tools and technology of the time period.  I’ll let you watch it to see what they find.

At the park, we were able to shoot the video footage of the picture I had in my head when we kicked off this unit a year and a half ago. 

It is also the narrative with which we began our grant proposal… 

Imagine trudging through the Mexican rainforest in search of artifacts left behind by ancient Mesoamerican civilizations. The sun is hot, the forest humid, and just when you think you cannot go any further, you come upon a monolithic stone head. What is this? Where did it come from? Why is it significant? You put on your best “archaeologist’s hat” and begin investigating. Soon you learn that this artifact is only the beginning. You find a scientist who can analyze the type of rock from which it is carved, and you discover that the nearest source for this enormous boulder is hundreds of miles away. This leads you further down a line of questioning. How did it get here?  Who put it here? Are there more? Most importantly, what does it teach us about ancient Mesoamerican civilizations, and how does it connect to our lives today?

 Till next time, Friends!  Enjoy! J

Driving in Mexico

It’s been a week now of looking out the window as we drive from place to place, and I’ve learned some unexpected things about the roads in Mexico. For one, they have very few speed limit signs (and the ones they do have are in km/hr, which I’m still not very good at converting on the fly). Most of the roads we’ve been on are two-lane local roads, so we can be moving along at a pretty good clip, but then come an area with houses along the road. There are no signs to indicate a change in speed is needed; instead, they use speed bumps—speed bumps everywhere! And these are serious bumps that you have to almost stop for, not the mellow little things we have in parking lots at home. Some places there’s a sign indicating a “bump zone,” but most of the time you just have to be alert. The other drivers will help you out by putting on their hazard lights when they come to a bump, because apparently brakelights would not fully communicate the situation. (I can never even remember where the hazard lights are in my Mazda!)

It’s also very common to drive in the wrong lane, especially if you’re trying to avoid the steepest speed bumps or other kinds of ruts and potholes. Some places seem to have indications of “passing zones,” but generally, if you come up behind someone who is slower than you, they will put their left turn signal on to indicate that you should go around. You will then use your left signal to pass and your right signal to come back into your lane—which always makes me wonder, what if you think the car ahead is signaling that you should pass, but really they mean they are going to pass someone?

Also, whether you are driving through a “poblado” settlement of houses or are far from any visible community, there are often people walking along the sides of the roads. It might be a whole family dressed up like they are headed to a party, a group of young boys with bags of palm leaves they’ve cut, a farmer with a fertilizer tank on his back returning from the field, or just a couple of kids on their own. Everywhere you look, people are on their way to somewhere else. Sometimes they have a cart or a wheelbarrow carrying things; sometimes they are riding a bicycle; or in some areas we’ve seen men riding horses. In the little villages themselves, there may be kids standing by the side of the road trying to sell you fruit or baked goods, and often there are groups of people waiting for a bus or a taxi or a ride from a friend. On one stretch of road yesterday, an old woman had a rope with flags stretched across the road so it looked like you had to buy a banana from her before you could get past her temporary barrier.

And speaking of barriers, we’ve also been surprised by the number of police and military roadblocks and checkpoints. (Mothers, don’t worry—we’re fine!) Perhaps it’s because up until now we’ve been in the state of Chiapas, which has had some civil unrest; or because we’ve often been close to the border with Guatemala. In any case, sometimes it’s local police, sometimes the national Federales, and sometimes the army. Apparently, in Mexico, as in the US, they have a posse comitatus law which says the army can’t be involved in domestic police actions, but they’re doing these roadblocks anyway.  (Quick shout out to The West Wing, which taught me that fancy Latin phrase!)  Our driver and guide seem to take these checkpoints in stride, and most of the time, we are waived right through, probably because Nichole and I are clearly non-Mexican tourists. On the way from Bonampak to Palenque, however, we actually had to get out of the car so they could look under the seats; I noticed a sign in English explaining that these stops are to protect everyone’s safety by monitoring for drug smuggling, illegal immigrants, and invasive species. Hard to argue with that, I suppose, but the heavily-armed display of authority is still a little unnerving.

But really, mothers, don’t worry! At this point, the heat and the humidity are much more of a threat than the Mexican authorities—and don’t even get Nichole started about the mosquitoes : ) –Kris

Unanswered questions . . . can you help?

Here are some things Nichole and I have been wondering about as we work on the lessons to go with this unit—any answers or insights would be much appreciated!

--Why do tropical plants have bigger leaves than the plants in Wisconsin? Or does it just seem that way?

--In the US, it seems that areas of higher elevation are more arid than the lowlands. Is that true in the tropics? Or on other continents?  

--What is the difference between “jungle” and “rainforest”?

More to come, I’m sure : ) –Kris

The jungle . . . the tropics . . . the ruins . . . the steps!

For those of you who have never seen me in extreme heat and humidity, here I am! Notice the smile, and the elephant ear plants in their native environment.

If the places we were over the weekend showed us a side of Mexico we hadn't known existed, the past two days have come closer to our expectations . . . and yet there's nothing that can really prepare you for a boat ride down the river with Guatemala on one side and Mexico on the other. And then when you hear monkeys hollering (almost more like roaring) and then catch a glimpse of a two-thousand-year-old structure through the vines . . . well, it's going to be hard to capture in words what we have seen!

The place at the end of the boat ride is called Yaxchilan, and until about 15 years ago, the only way to get to it without a private plane was to trek through the jungle for two or three days, faster if your mule was speedy. Then an economic/political agreement called NAFTA took effect, and that was the last straw for some people in this part of Mexico. They founded a political party (or terrorist group, depending who you ask) called the Zapatistas, started leading protests and antagonizing the federal authorities, and the Mexican army decided they needed a better road if they were going to reign in these rebels. It's a long story, which Nichole can explain better than I (wait until you see her Zapatista gear), but basically it meant that we could hop in the Nissan with Luis and Daniel and have a relatively uneventful drive through the jungle to the boat launch.

After Yaxchilan, we went to Bonampak, where the local indigenous group called the Lacondones control the last stretch of road to the site, thus finding a way to make a profit off of tourist traffic and create a steady income for their community. And today we were at Palenque, which had at its peak 1200 stone buildings, so you can guess at its population.

So here we are, in the jungle, looking past kapok trees strung with broad-leafed vines, listening to a drone of insects punctuated by the call of toucans, climbing up steps to temples and royal home and crypts built and inhabited by the Maya about 250 B.C. and 800 A.D., mas o menos a few decades. Each site has crumbled buildings, and reinforced buildings, and buildings still covered under dense tangles of vegetation. In many places, there are carvings--elaborate carvings on eight-foot limestone slabs--that show rulers and prisoners, gods and animals, celebrations of birth or of the spoils of war. Even more remarkably, at a few sites frescoes painted with minerals and vegetable dyes have been preserved over all these years. From these images, and the pictogram writing that accompanies them, archaeologists have pieced together everything that is known about this complex civilization. They know that the people thought crooked teeth were beautiful and filed their own teeth into fangs, that they poked holes in their fingers to collect blood for burnt offerings, and that generations of intermarriage led to rulers with serious physical and cognitive defects. More amazingly, perhaps, is that after four or five days immersed in this stuff, Nichole and I are starting to recognize familiar icons even before our guide points them out : )

Of course, to get to them, you have to climb a lot of steps. For me, it's not so much the going up that's the problem; it's the coming down when my legs feel rubber-y. But, for the most part, I'm channeling my inner mountain goat and getting it done. (If there were mountain goats native to this region, the Maya would definitely have thought they were a sacred animal!)

Time for me to rehydrate and rest . . . we make the transition tomorrow from Maya to Olmec, an even older meso-American civilization. I'm really hoping they didn't build pyramids : )   Buenas Noches--Kris

Safely out of the jungle and back to the sort of modern world!

Amazing adventures the last couple of days, but I am so tired I could fall asleep on this keyboard! So, you'll have to wait a little while to find out details of what we're up to. For now, just know we're having a blast! Oh, and we're also learning a lot and talking about lesson plans and good stuff like that, too! --Kris

San Cristobal de las Casas and Mayan Villages

Nichole here.  I'm finally writing a blog!!!  I've been very busy these past few nights writing lots of my own personal reflections and lesson plans as well as organizing and saving the day's pictures, so I'm finally getting around to posting a note on this site.  Sorry it took so long! 

The days are full of learning experiences.  Each day we get back to the hotel, I remark to Kris how much I am taking in, and how I can't believe the amount of new information I have after each day.  I have been formally studying Mexico for the past 15 years, without ever having been to the cultural parts of the country, and I am so excited to finally have the opportunity to actually experience all of the things I’ve read about for so long.  Being of Mexican descent, this has been a very emotionally-charged trip for me as I am really discovering who I am, where I come from, and where I see myself going in the future. All of my emotions and reflections are being poured into a journal, which I am hoping, will lead to a book someday.

Today we spent the day in San Cristobal de las Casas and visiting some Maya villages nearby.  We went shopping in the Maya market here in San Cristobal this morning, and then set out for the village of Zincantán.  In Zincantán, we visited a Maya family who makes a living by weaving beautiful tapestries and opening their doors to visitors to enjoy tacos made with hand made corn tortillas over an open fire.  As if the tacos weren’t tasty enough, the coffee we drank with them was absolutely AMAZING!!!  Forget standard Mexican coffee, forget American coffee, the coffee grown and produced in the highlands of Chiapas is simply the best. 

From Zincantán, we went to San Juan Chamula, another Maya village.  This village is different because the people here have not adapted as much to modern culture as those in Zincantán.  As a result, they are still very poor—even by indigenous standards.  I found this village to have the most character and spirit.  The highlight of our visit was our entrance into the local church. 

The Maya had an interesting way of adapting to the arrival of the Catholic Spanish Conquistadors.  Instead of rejecting their traditional beliefs altogether and adopting Catholic traditions, they found ways to blend their beliefs with Christianity.  The church in San Juan Chamula was the perfect example of that hybrid.  Inside the church are no pews.  Along the sides are glass cases surrounding shrines to Catholic patron saints.  The floor is covered in some type of soft grass that gives off a peaceful, almost pine, aroma.  Jars of lit candles are everywhere, and people are kneeling on the ground in front of their own lit candles praying to their god/s.  If they are hoping for a diagnosis or healing, they bring with them an egg, cola, and special wine.  Each of these things is used in a spiritual way to help cure or drive evil spirits out of a person.  At the head of the church are large shrines dedicated to Jesus and Mary filled with hundreds of lit votives.  I, personally, found this experience inexplicably moving, and cannot find the words with which to describe it other than to say that the church felt alive with energy and emotion.

Upon returning to San Cristobal, I took a much-needed nap, after which Kris and I hit the sidewalks to check out different stores in the city.  We visited a museum dedicated to the cacao plant, which is this area’s major resource.  By the way, the Maya introduced the world to cacao, so thank a Maya the next time you enjoy your hot chocolate or candy bar. :) Then, we shopped ‘til we dropped at local co-op stores and had an inspiring dinner at TierrAdentro, a fair trade restaurant run by a group of indigenous rights activists.  The enchiladas de mole were fabulous and the lemonade mineral water was superb!  I don’t think I’ll be able to eat American Mexican food when I get back because it doesn’t come close to how good the real thing is.

And here I am.  The time is 12:01 a.m. and we are scheduled to eat breakfast at 7:15 a.m.  I’m off to get ready for bed and for the next big adventure we will have tomorrow in the rainforest ruins.  We will be out of touch with the modern world for a few days, due to our location in the jungle.  See you around Tuesday! :)